PHY 111 21 - General Physics I and LabGeneral Physics I and Lab

QUINCY COLLEGE COURSE SYLLABUS – SUMMER  2018

Physics 1, PHY

Lecture: Mon & Wednesday 1:00 pm-5:00 pm 

Lab: Tuesday 1:00 pm-5:00 pm

Instructor

A. Marinova B.S, M.S

Phone:

 

Office

By mutual agreement

Email:

angelina.marinova@fac.quincycollege.edu

Mailbox

Saville Hall 101

Quincy College Policy see  Student Handbook

Office Hours – By Appointment and mutual agreement

MON

TUE

WED

THU

FRI

SAT

  12pm-1pm    tentative

 

 

 

 

 

 

REQUIRED TEXTBOOK(s)

“Douglas Giancoli “Modified Mastering Physics for Giancoli, Physics: Principles with Applications, 7e” Pearson Publishing. You will need a Pearson Mastering Physics code in order to access online resources including homework assignments.  This code can be purchased along with the text book. The actual textbook is not required to buy. However, some recent physics textbook is required to study from.

 

COURSE DESCRIPTION

This is an algebra-based physics course designed to introduce students to ideas of measurements, units, motion, force, energy, momentum, rotation, and fluids.   Topics include analyzing the motion of physical systems including objects in free-fall, objects moving at a constant velocity, objects moving with constant acceleration, collisions between multiple objects, and systems undergoing rotation.  During the lab component of the course, students will design and carryout experiments, collect and analyze data, and communicate experimental results. Prerequisites: MAT 100, MAT 103, MAT 113, or MAT 204 with “C” or better.

 

LEARNING OUTCOMES

 

  1. Design experiments and collect data in a laboratory environment in order to investigate the physical world.
  2. Communicate both verbally and in writing the purpose, design, and results of an experiment.
  3. Use the concepts of kinematics, momentum, and energy in order to mathematically analyze physical systems.
  4. Convert physical situations provided in written descriptions, diagrams or real world demonstrations into mathematical formulations.
  5. Describe phenomena found in the classroom and in the world using the language of physics.
  6. Analyze systems qualitatively in order to predict the motion of a system.
  7. Use logical reasoning to recognize whether the result of a calculation properly describes the system being analyzed.

 

COURSE DELIVERY FORMAT

This course meets on campus according to the schedule posted above. The majority of the course content will be delivered through lectures and other activities conducted during class meetings. Online resources may be used to supplement the textbook or provide interaction with the content and/or assessment. The course will also have a portal page which contains the class syllabus, handouts, and important information (particularly in the event of a weather or emergency closing).

 

 

INSTRUCTIONAL METHODOLOGIES

The content of this course will be delivered mostly though lecture sessions, simulations when applicable, and group work. Throughout a lecture, interaction beyond listening is expected.  Students are expected to read the material, which is to be covered in class, before coming to class. Each reading should be in accordance with the reading assignments posted in the table below. Questions are expected, and welcome, and students should be ready to answer questions posed to them.  Lectures will be supported by in class problem sets, as well as, by homework assignments. All are strongly encouraged to work in study groups for solving in class problems as well as homework. During labs students will work in small groups.

 

 

If you have a suggestion how to improve the class, please, let me know! You found www site which you find particularly helpful, please tell me.  I will gladly try to accommodate each student learning style to the best of my abilities.

 

GRADING POLICY

 

2 Exams

40%

Lab reports

10%

Homework

30%

Class Participation

20%

 

Grade

%

GPA

Grade

%

GPA

Grade

%

GPA

 

 

 

A

>93

4.0

A-

90-92

3.7

B+

87-89

3.3

B

83-86

3.0

B-

80-82

2.7

C+

77-79

2.3

C

73-76

2.0

C-

70-72

1.7

D

60-69

1.0

F

<60

0.0

 

 

 

I

Incomplete

0.0

W

Withdrawal

0.0

AUD

Audit

0.0

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 There will be practice tests on Canvas. However, it is not possible to post every single topic/problem on it. Use your text book to study and all online materials. Midterm will cover all topics up to the day of the midterm. Final test may include all topics.

 

 

ATTENDANCE POLICY

Attendance will not be graded; however attendance will affect academic performance.  If you are not in class, you are not participating. Attendance will be taken daily and uploaded into the portal record.  Students who are not in class at the time that attendance is taken will be marked as tardy.  Students who miss class, are responsible for making up the missed material, and for any information provided on changes made to the course schedule or outline. Arriving later than 15 minutes from the beginning of the class is equivalent to a full absent.

 

Attending class is not equivalent to participation!

 

 

 

MAKE-UP POLICY

If you are unable to take an exam on the scheduled day you must contact the instructor prior to the exam date. Otherwise there are no makeup exams without a legitimate emergency.  If you do have an emergency and cannot take the exam, you must still contact the instructor on the day of the exam.  You must show proof of the emergency including a doctor’s and/or dean’s note. There is no make-up for labs and final test. Final test grade is not your final grade for the class. Final grade is average of all subject related activities. If you miss a lab, points may be deducted.

 

CLASS CANCELLATION POLICY

In the case of class cancellation the instructor will post it on Pearson, and a slip will be placed on the door of the classroom informing students of the cancellation.  In the case of weather-related class cancellation, please consult the Quincy College website: www.quincycollege.edu

 

COMMUNICATION WITH INSTRUCTOR

The best means of communication is by your student email. Use your college-issued email. Make sure you give me minimum of 24 hours. If it is on a weekend, or a holiday, it could take 48 hours to receive a replay from me.  Make sure you say “Good morning!” and remind me your name, which college, and class you are in. I may not replay to any other emails such as gmail, aol, yahoo…. Allow minimum 24 hours for me to replay. I do not constantly work on a computer. Also on holidays  and/ or weekends may take up to 48 hours to receive an answer. If you do not have a working Quincy College email account, please contact Information Technology at: support.quincycollege.edu.

 

STUDENT ID CARDS

All students must possess a Quincy College photo identification card.  The identification card serves as proof of identification while on campus and is required to gain access to and use the facilities of Quincy College.  All students are required to carry their Quincy College photo identification card with them at all times while on campus.  Students must present a current Quincy College photo identification card when attending examinations.

 

CLASS PARTICIPATION

Your class participation grade will be based on your contributions to the class discussions and overall environment of the class. It is not an attendance grade - coming to class is a prerequisite for participation, but it does not constitute any addition to the class discussion.

 

 Participation includes but not limited to : contributing to group work, trying to answer questions, ask subject related questions, work on handouts and problems, taking notes,  trying your best on a pop up quizzes, help others, paying attention and correcting classmates and me when needed. This class is very intense (only 5 weeks) and you should dedicate significant time to study. 

 

Examples of ways to increase your class participation score include:

 

  • Asking subject related questions to clarify your understanding
  • Try by yourself first, then ask for help
  • Sleep well the evening before your classes
  • Do homework every day
  • Work in groups and arrive/leave as scheduled
  • Be in class and come to laboratory on time
  • Answering questions raised and take notes
  • Contributing meaningful comments to the class discussion
  • Being on-task during group problem solving activities
  • You are expected to ACTIVELY participate
  • Arrive and leave as scheduled
  • Read the lecture topics in your text book before each class
  • See tutor if needed
  • Do the laboratory exercises
  • Pay attention and correct me if you disagree

 

Examples of ways to decrease your class participation score include:

  • NO ELECTRONIC DEVICES EXCEPT CALCULATOR (no laptops, no iwatches, …)
  • NO USE OF CELL PHONES in class
  • Contributing off-topic comments during class
  • Beauty procedures during class
  • Missing classes and labs, arriving and leaving before the end of the class
  • Not reading the textbook
  • Sleeping in class
  • Not doing homework on time, each week
  • Sleeping in class or leaving your bag and going outside during class time (if you have to leave the class more than once or for long period you must present Doctor’s note)

 

HOMEWORK

 

Before you start your homework , read the chapter first. Try to solve all the problems that sre solved in the body of the lesson. Then proceed to online homework.

 

Homework will generally be assigned weekly (or frequently during summer sessions). Each week we will cover new topic (summer sessions will cover more than one new topic each week as these sessions are intense).

All work and labs are due the day of the final test. Lab report should by typed (12 Roman) and the original measurements/work would be attached to it. Attach your original work to the typed lab report when ready to turn it to me.

 

 

Homework will be assigned online through the Pearson MasteringPhysics online portal. EVERITYING ON PEARSON IS YOUR HOMEWORK! On CANVAS you will have notes, study help, online simulations, example problems….You should access the Pearson Mastering Physics page through the Canvas.  You will need to purchase access to the Pearson MasteringPhysics website. Be sure that when you redeem your online code, that you do so through the Canvas ‘Mylab and Mastering’ link, not through the Pearson website directly.  Instructions for registering for Pearson MasteringPhysics are provided in the ‘Registering for Online Homework Guide’ posted to Canvas.

 

Every week you will have homework. All homework is lined up with the topics covered during class time. For example: The first week we will cover 1D, Vectors and Units. This means that your homework on Pearson has to cover the same topics with practice and exercises. Do your best to keep it up with the pacing. It is intense class of only 5 weeks.

 

   https://sites.google.com/site/mrtrasksphysics

   http://www.physicsclassroom.com

   http://zonalandeducation.com

   https://www.khanacademy.org

   http://www.pittmath.com/physics

 

EXAMS

Exams will be given in class, on paper format.  Students are allowed to bring one sheet of normal 8.5X11’ paper with handwritten notes to the exam. No handouts.  Simple calculators (not TI-89) are allowed on exams.  All other materials and electronic devices are prohibited. If you arrive late for the test, you may not be given extra time to complete your test. Exception are persons with documented disability.

 

 

COURSE CONTENT

Course content may be modified by the instructor depending on time. You are expected to attend the lab session EVEN IF THERE IS NO LAB LISTED FOR THAT WEEK! I will do my best to fallow the schedule as much as I can. If you miss a class, ask a friend to land you notes.

 

week

Lecture

Lab

Reading and related homework online

1

Measurements, Units, Uncertainty, 1D Motion

Measurements and Uncertainty

1.1-1.8,

2.1-2.3

1

1D Motion

Freefall Lab

2.4-2.8

1

Vectors, 2D Motion

 

 

2

Projectile Motion

Projectile Motion Lab

3.5-3.8

2

Force, Newton’s Laws of Motion

 

4.1-4.6

2

Friction and Inclines

-Carts on Ramps

-Mass on frictionless incline

-Connected masses on and incline

4.7-4.8

3

Midterm test

Work and Energy

 

6.1-6.4

3

Energy Conservation

Spring energy lab

6.5-6.10

3

Momentum

 

7.1-7.4

4

Collisions, Center of Mass

Collisions Lab

7.4-7.10

4

Rotational Kinematics

 

5.1-5.4

4

Angular Momentum

Torque Lab

8.1-8.4

5

 

Rotational KE  

Final test

Moment of Inertia Lab

8.4-8.8

tentative

Fluids and Pressure

 

10.1-10.6

tentative

Archimedes’ Principle and Bernoulli’s Equation

Fluids Lab

10.7-10.12

 

The content of the course, by week, may change as time permits!

  • Final grades will not be released until students have completed each of their course evaluation, or until three weeks after classes end. Evaluations can be done on a cellphone too.

Recourses:

Off campus access to library resources                                                                                                             Username: student ID#                                                                                                                            Password: same as for access to MyQC Portal

 

An official Quincy College student ID is required to access services at the Learning Centers.

  • Online tutoring services: free tutoring, accessible to students is Smarthinking. Go to your Canvas subject to find the direct link. The students ID number and the password is Quincy. It is available 24/7.
  • Learning centers: subject tutoring, math, computer sciences, reading, writing, study strategies, sciences, professional studies, nursing available one-on-one, walk-in or by appointment. For math and physics tutors I could suggest: Prof.Elena Heineke, Prof. Paul Felker Tutoring extension number is # 1664

Monday to Thursday     11am - 6pm.                                                                                                            Friday                            10am - 4pm                                                                                                   Saturday                        10am - 1pm

klewis@quincycollege.edu  617- 984- 1681

Student with disabilities: S. Bossa, sbossa@quincycollege.edu, pluizzi@quincycollege.edu 617-984-1656

 617-405-5928

 

 

 

 

QUINCY COLLEGE COURSE SYLLABUS – SUMMER  2018

Physics 1, PHY

Lecture: Mon & Wednesday 1:00 pm-5:00 pm

               Saville Building Rom 209

Lab: Tuesday 1:00 pm-5:00 pm

                Saville bulding, Room 103

Instructor

A. Marinova B.S, M.S

Phone:

 

Office

By mutual agreement

Email:

angelina.marinova@fac.quincycollege.edu

Mailbox

Saville Hall 101

Quincy College Policy see  Student Handbook

Office Hours – By Appointment and mutual agreement

MON

TUE

WED

THU

FRI

SAT

  12pm-1pm    tentative

 

 

 

 

 

 

REQUIRED TEXTBOOK(s)

“Douglas Giancoli “Modified Mastering Physics for Giancoli, Physics: Principles with Applications, 7e” Pearson Publishing. You will need a Pearson Mastering Physics code in order to access online resources including homework assignments.  This code can be purchased along with the text book. The actual textbook is not required to buy. However, some recent physics textbook is required to study from.

 

COURSE DESCRIPTION

This is an algebra-based physics course designed to introduce students to ideas of measurements, units, motion, force, energy, momentum, rotation, and fluids.   Topics include analyzing the motion of physical systems including objects in free-fall, objects moving at a constant velocity, objects moving with constant acceleration, collisions between multiple objects, and systems undergoing rotation.  During the lab component of the course, students will design and carryout experiments, collect and analyze data, and communicate experimental results. Prerequisites: MAT 100, MAT 103, MAT 113, or MAT 204 with “C” or better.

 

LEARNING OUTCOMES

 

  1. Design experiments and collect data in a laboratory environment in order to investigate the physical world.
  2. Communicate both verbally and in writing the purpose, design, and results of an experiment.
  3. Use the concepts of kinematics, momentum, and energy in order to mathematically analyze physical systems.
  4. Convert physical situations provided in written descriptions, diagrams or real world demonstrations into mathematical formulations.
  5. Describe phenomena found in the classroom and in the world using the language of physics.
  6. Analyze systems qualitatively in order to predict the motion of a system.
  7. Use logical reasoning to recognize whether the result of a calculation properly describes the system being analyzed.

 

COURSE DELIVERY FORMAT

This course meets on campus according to the schedule posted above. The majority of the course content will be delivered through lectures and other activities conducted during class meetings. Online resources may be used to supplement the textbook or provide interaction with the content and/or assessment. The course will also have a portal page which contains the class syllabus, handouts, and important information (particularly in the event of a weather or emergency closing).

 

 

INSTRUCTIONAL METHODOLOGIES

The content of this course will be delivered mostly though lecture sessions, simulations when applicable, and group work. Throughout a lecture, interaction beyond listening is expected.  Students are expected to read the material, which is to be covered in class, before coming to class. Each reading should be in accordance with the reading assignments posted in the table below. Questions are expected, and welcome, and students should be ready to answer questions posed to them.  Lectures will be supported by in class problem sets, as well as, by homework assignments. All are strongly encouraged to work in study groups for solving in class problems as well as homework. During labs students will work in small groups.

 

 

If you have a suggestion how to improve the class, please, let me know! You found www site which you find particularly helpful, please tell me.  I will gladly try to accommodate each student learning style to the best of my abilities.

 

GRADING POLICY

 

2 Exams

40%

Lab reports

10%

Homework

30%

Class Participation

20%

 

Grade

%

GPA

Grade

%

GPA

Grade

%

GPA

 

 

 

A

>93

4.0

A-

90-92

3.7

B+

87-89

3.3

B

83-86

3.0

B-

80-82

2.7

C+

77-79

2.3

C

73-76

2.0

C-

70-72

1.7

D

60-69

1.0

F

<60

0.0

 

 

 

I

Incomplete

0.0

W

Withdrawal

0.0

AUD

Audit

0.0

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 There will be practice tests on Canvas. However, it is not possible to post every single topic/problem on it. Use your text book to study and all online materials. Midterm will cover all topics up to the day of the midterm. Final test may include all topics.

ATTENDANCE POLICY

Attendance will not be graded; however attendance will affect academic performance.  If you are not in class, you are not participating. Attendance will be taken daily and uploaded into the portal record.  Students who are not in class at the time that attendance is taken will be marked as tardy.  Students who miss class, are responsible for making up the missed material, and for any information provided on changes made to the course schedule or outline.

Attending class is not equivalent to participation!

MAKE-UP POLICY

If you are unable to take an exam on the scheduled day you must contact the instructor prior to the exam date. Otherwise there are no makeup exams without a legitimate emergency.  If you do have an emergency and cannot take the exam, you must still contact the instructor on the day of the exam.  You must show proof of the emergency including a doctor’s and/or dean’s note. There is no make-up for labs and final test. Final test grade is not your final grade for the class. Final grade is average of all subject related activities. If you miss a lab you will be deducted 3 points. If you miss a lecture you will be deducted 1 points. Two tardy will be counted a one absence. Be on time and stay until the end of the class.

 

CLASS CANCELLATION POLICY

In the case of class cancellation the instructor will post it on Pearson, and a slip will be placed on the door of the classroom informing students of the cancellation.  In the case of weather-related class cancellation, please consult the Quincy College website: www.quincycollege.edu

 

COMMUNICATION WITH INSTRUCTOR

The best means of communication is by your student email. Use your college-issued email. Make sure you give me minimum of 24 hours. If it is on a weekend, or a holiday, it could take 48 hours to receive a replay from me.  Make sure you say “Good morning!” and remind me your name, which college, and class you are in. I may not replay to any other emails such as gmail, aol, yahoo…. Allow minimum 24 hours for me to replay. I do not constantly work on a computer. Also on holidays  and/ or weekends may take up to 48 hours to receive an answer. If you do not have a working Quincy College email account, please contact Information Technology at: support.quincycollege.edu.

 

STUDENT ID CARDS

All students must possess a Quincy College photo identification card.  The identification card serves as proof of identification while on campus and is required to gain access to and use the facilities of Quincy College.  All students are required to carry their Quincy College photo identification card with them at all times while on campus.  Students must present a current Quincy College photo identification card when attending examinations.

 

CLASS PARTICIPATION

Your class participation grade will be based on your contributions to the class discussions and overall environment of the class. It is not an attendance grade - coming to class is a prerequisite for participation, but it does not constitute any addition to the class discussion.

 

 Participation includes but not limited to : contributing to group work, trying to answer questions, ask subject related questions, work on handouts and problems, taking notes,  trying your best on a pop up quizzes, help others, paying attention and correcting classmates and me when needed. This class is very intense (only 5 weeks) and you should dedicate significant time to study. 

 

Examples of ways to increase your class participation score include:

 

  • Asking subject related questions to clarify your understanding
  • Try by yourself first, then ask for help
  • Sleep well the evening before your classes
  • Do homework every day
  • Work in groups and arrive/leave as scheduled
  • Be in class and come to laboratory on time
  • Answering questions raised and take notes
  • Contributing meaningful comments to the class discussion
  • Being on-task during group problem solving activities
  • You are expected to ACTIVELY participate
  • Arrive and leave as scheduled
  • Read the lecture topics in your text book before each class
  • See tutor if needed
  • Do the laboratory exercises
  • Pay attention and correct me if you disagree

 

Examples of ways to decrease your class participation score include:

  • NO ELECTRONIC DEVICES EXCEPT CALCULATOR (no laptops, no iwatches, …)
  • NO USE OF CELL PHONES in class
  • Contributing off-topic comments during class
  • Beauty procedures during class
  • Missing classes and labs, arriving and leaving before the end of the class
  • Not reading the textbook
  • Sleeping in class
  • Not doing homework on time, each week
  • Sleeping in class or leaving your bag and going outside during class time (if you have to leave the class more than once or for long period you must present Doctor’s note)

 

HOMEWORK

Before you start your homework , read the chapter first. Try to solve all the problems that sre solved in the body of the lesson. Then proceed to online homework.

Homework will generally be assigned weekly (or frequently during summer sessions). Each week we will cover new topic (summer sessions will cover more than one new topic each week as these sessions are intense).

All work and labs are due the day of the final test. Lab report should by typed (12 Roman) and the original measurements/work would be attached to it. Attach your original work to the typed lab report when ready to turn it to me.

Homework will be assigned online through the Pearson MasteringPhysics online portal. EVERITYING ON PEARSON IS YOUR HOMEWORK! On CANVAS you will have notes, study help, online simulations, example problems….You should access the Pearson Mastering Physics page through the Canvas.  You will need to purchase access to the Pearson MasteringPhysics website. Be sure that when you redeem your online code, that you do so through the Canvas ‘Mylab and Mastering’ link, not through the Pearson website directly.  Instructions for registering for Pearson MasteringPhysics are provided in the ‘Registering for Online Homework Guide’ posted to Canvas.

 

Every week you will have homework. All homework is lined up with the topics covered during class time. For example: The first week we will cover 1D, Vectors and Units. This means that your homework on Pearson has to cover the same topics with practice and exercises. Do your best to keep it up with the pacing. It is intense class of only 5 weeks.

 

   https://sites.google.com/site/mrtrasksphysics

   http://www.physicsclassroom.com

   http://zonalandeducation.com

   https://www.khanacademy.org

   http://www.pittmath.com/physics

 

EXAMS

Exams will be given in class, on paper format.  Students are allowed to bring one sheet of normal 8.5X11’ paper with handwritten notes to the exam. No handouts.  Simple calculators (not TI-89) are allowed on exams.  All other materials and electronic devices are prohibited. If you arrive late for the test, you may not be given extra time to complete your test. Exception are persons with documented disability.

COURSE CONTENT

Course content may be modified by the instructor depending on time. You are expected to attend the lab session EVEN IF THERE IS NO LAB LISTED FOR THAT WEEK! I will do my best to fallow the schedule as much as I can. If you miss a class, ask a friend to land you notes.

 

week

Lecture

Lab

Reading and related homework online each week

1

Measurements, Units, Uncertainty, 1D Motion

Measurements and Uncertainty

1.1-1.8,

2.1-2.3

1

1D Motion

Freefall Lab

2.4-2.8

1

Vectors, 2D Motion

 

 

2

Projectile Motion

Projectile Motion Lab

3.5-3.8

2

Force, Newton’s Laws of Motion

 

4.1-4.6

2

Friction and Inclines

-Carts on Ramps

-Mass on frictionless incline

-Connected masses on and incline

4.7-4.8

3

Midterm test

Work and Energy

 

6.1-6.4

3

Energy Conservation

Spring energy lab

6.5-6.10

3

Momentum

 

7.1-7.4

4

Collisions, Center of Mass

Collisions Lab

7.4-7.10

4

Rotational Kinematics

 

5.1-5.4

4

Angular Momentum

Torque Lab

8.1-8.4

5

 

Rotational KE  

Final test

Moment of Inertia Lab

8.4-8.8

tentative

Fluids and Pressure

 

10.1-10.6

tentative

Archimedes’ Principle and Bernoulli’s Equation

Fluids Lab

10.7-10.12

 

The content of the course, by week, may change as time permits!

  • Final grades will not be released until students have completed each of their course evaluation, or until three weeks after classes end. Evaluations can be done on a cellphone too.

Recourses:

Off campus access to library resources                                                                                                            Username: student ID#                                                                                                                        Password: same as for access to MyQC Portal

An official Quincy College student ID is required to access services at the Learning Centers.

  • Online tutoring services: free tutoring, accessible to students is Smarthinking. Go to your Canvas subject to find the direct link. The students ID number and the password is Quincy. It is available 24/7.
  • Learning centers: subject tutoring, math, computer sciences, reading, writing, study strategies, sciences, professional studies, nursing available one-on-one, walk-in or by appointment. For math and physics tutors I could suggest: Prof.Elena Heineke, Prof. Paul Felker Tutoring extension number is # 1664

Monday to Thursday     11am - 6pm.                                                                                                            Friday                            10am - 4pm                                                                                                   Saturday                        10am - 1pm

klewis@quincycollege.edu  617- 984- 1681

Student with disabilities: S. Bossa, sbossa@quincycollege.edu, pluizzi@quincycollege.edu 617-984-1656

 617-405-5928

 

 

 

This is an algebra based physics course. Lecture topics include:
The principles of mechanics emphasizing the conservation of
momentum and energy through a study of uniform accelerated
motion. Topics include Newton’s laws, work and energy, centripetal
force, and moments of inertia Prerequisites: MAT 100, MAT 103,
MAT 113, or MAT 204 with “C” or better.

 

Course Summary:

Date Details Due
CC Attribution Non-Commercial This course content is offered under a CC Attribution Non-Commercial license. Content in this course can be considered under this license unless otherwise noted.